Welcome to TiddlyWiki created by Jeremy Ruston, Copyright © 2007 UnaMesa Association
>It is indeed a feeble light that reaches us from the starry sky. But what would human thought have achieved if we could not see the stars?
[<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]][<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]]-- Jean Perrin
>"//This// is how things are." -- That is the kind of proposition that one repeats to oneself countless times. One thinks that one is tracing the outline of the thing's nature over and over again, and one is merely tracing round the frame through which we look at it. A //picture// held us captive. And we could not get outside it, for it lay in our language and language seemed to repeat it to us inexorably.
[<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]][<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]]-- Ludwig Wittgenstein, //Philosophical Investigations//
{{imgfloatright{[img[http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/TripleSpiralLabyrinth.png]]}}}Most of Earwicki's TiddlyWiki labyrinth starts out hidden. Follow the internal links to navigate from familiar objects toward the unfamiliar -- guiding yourself along, as it were, a chain of flowers into the mysteries of life. Each item (or tiddler) opens and closes separately.
''Tips for browsing:''
* [[Bold links|What About the Ear?]] reveal other Earwicki tiddlers; [[plain links|http://www.mjt.org]] whisk you away on the web.
* The search bar at the upper right probes all tiddlers, whether open or closed.
* Since the entire Earwicki site is [[just one file|Downloads]], using your browser's "Back" button will //not// return you to previously viewed tiddlers; //use the internal links instead.//
* Tiddlers can be closed using the @@bgcolor(#ddd):close@@ and @@bgcolor(#ddd):close others@@ buttons located atop every tiddler or the @@bgcolor(#ddd):close all@@ button below the search bar. /%Alternatively, the link to any tiddler can be used to close its target by holding down the Cmd (Mac) or Ctrl (Win) key while clicking.%/
An [[Earwicki Glossary|Glossary]] is available.
''Acoustics of Speech and Hearing'' ([[HST714|http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Electrical-Engineering-and-Computer-Science/6-551JFall-2004/CourseHome/index.htm]])
>And suddenly I've found
>How wonderful a sound
>Can be.
-- Stephen Sondheim, "Maria" from //West Side Story//
This course reviews the physical processes involved in the production, propagation, and [[reception|Kircher's Hearing Aids]] of human speech. Particular attention is paid to how the acoustics and mechanics of the speech and auditory systems determine the [[sounds|Sound Wave Animation]] we are capable of producing and the sounds we can sense.
[>img[http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/shbthead.jpg]]''Instructors:''
*Louis Braida
*John Rosowksi
*Christopher Shera
*Ken Stevens
<html></br></html>
[img[Chris Bergevin|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/cb2.jpg]]
''Christopher Bergevin''
For his thesis work, Chris initiated a collaboration between the EPL Auditory Physics Group and the MIT [[Micromechanics Group|http://umech.mit.edu]] led by Dennis Freeman. The result was the first systematic, comparative study of otoacoustic emissions in mammals, amphibians, reptiles, and birds. [[Chris|http://math.arizona.edu/~cbergevin]] earned his Ph.D. from MIT in 2007 and is now a NSF VIGRE/Howard Hughes Postdoctoral Fellow in the [[Department of Mathematics|http://math.arizona.edu]] at the University of Arizona.
[img[Radha Kalluri|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/rk1.jpg]]
''Radha Kalluri''
For her work understanding the mechanisms of otoacoustic emission generation, Radha won Honorable Mention in the 2006 [[Helen Carr Peake Research Prize|http://www.rle.mit.edu/news/news_04242006.html]] from MIT's [[Research Laboratory of Electronics|http://www.rle.mit.edu]]. She earned her Ph.D. from MIT in 2006 and is now a Harvard Research Fellow working with Ruth Anne Eatock in the [[Inner Ear Biophysics Laboratory|http://research.meei.harvard.edu/innerearbiophysicslaboratory]] at [[EPL|http://web.mit.edu/epl]].
[img[David O'Gorman|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/deo1.jpg]]
''David O'Gorman''
For his work identifying the dynamical mechanisms responsible for firing irregularity in neurons stimulated at high rates, David won the 2006 [[Helen Carr Peake Research Prize|http://www.rle.mit.edu/news/news_04242006.html]] from MIT's [[Research Laboratory of Electronics|http://www.rle.mit.edu]]. He earned his Ph.D. from MIT in 2006 and is now working with Nancy Kopell and Steve Colburn in the [[Center for BioDynamics|http://cbd.bu.edu]] at Boston University.
[img[Tony Miller|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/ajm1.jpg]]
''Antonio Miller''
For this thesis work, Tony developed methods for measuring the two-port characteristics of the middle ear. He earned his S.M. in Health Sciences & Technology from MIT in 2006 and is now working on speech perception in the Acoustics group at Motorola.
>Man asked God for a riddle, and God obliged:
>[<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space10x11.gif]]-- What is green, hangs from a tree, and sings?
>This, of course, was a very difficult question.
>So man asked God for the answer, and God replied:
>[<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space10x11.gif]]-- A herring!
>[<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space10x11.gif]]-- A herring? But why is it green?
>[<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space10x11.gif]]-- Because I painted it green.
>[<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space10x11.gif]]-- But why does it hang from a tree?
>[<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space10x11.gif]]-- Because I put it there.
>[<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space10x11.gif]]-- And why does it sing?
>[<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space10x11.gif]]-- If it didn't sing, you would have guessed it was a herring.
[<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]][<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]]-- George Zweig, from "Origins of the Quark Model," 1980
[img[Ernst Haeckel, 1866|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/386px-Haeckel_arbol_bn.png]]
[img[Max Brodel, 1939|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/brodel.jpg][What About the Ear?]]
[img[Bedolina Petroglyph, Valcalmonica c. 2500 BCE|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/bedolina.gif]]
[img[Bat skeleton|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/ChauvetLions.jpg]]
[img[Frederic Chopin, Sonata for Cello and Piano in G minor, op. 65, 1845-46|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/ChopinSonataGmOp65.jpg]]
[img[Richard Kirk|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/kirk-cochlea.gif][http://www.richardakirk.com/]]
> Blow in my ear and I'll follow you anywhere. -- Rowan and Martin
[[Christopher Bergevin|http://math.arizona.edu/~cbergevin]]
[[Nigel Cooper|http://www.keele.ac.uk/depts/co/auditory/CNS%20intro%202003.htm]]
[[Egbert de Boer|http://www.ac-amc.nl/medewerkers/de-boer.html]]
[[Paul Fahey|http://academic.scranton.edu/faculty/FAHEYP1]]
[[Dennis Freeman|http://www.rle.mit.edu/rleonline/People/DennisM.Freeman.html]]
[[John Guinan|https://research.meei.harvard.edu/epl/investigators.html]]
__Philip Joris & Marcel van der Heijden__
[[Jennifer Melcher|http://hst.mit.edu/biosketch/Melcher.html]]
__Arturo Moleti & Renata Sisto__
[[Alfred Nuttall|http://www.ohsu.edu/ohrc/staff/nuttall/nuttall.html]]
[[Andrew Oxenham|http://www.psych.umn.edu/psylabs/apc/]]
[[William Peake|http://www.rle.mit.edu/rleonline/People/WilliamT.Peake.html]]
[[John Rosowski|https://research.meei.harvard.edu/epl/investigators.html]]
[[Katherine Shera|http://www.cytostudio.com]]
[[Carrick Talmadge|http://www.olemiss.edu/depts/ncpa/]]
[[Arnold Tubis|http://inls.ucsd.edu/]]
[[Susan Voss|http://www.science.smith.edu/~svoss]]
[[John White|http://ndl.bioen.utah.edu/home]]
[[Robert Withnell|http://apl.sphs.indiana.edu/]]
[[George Zweig|http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Zweig.html]]/%
[[Jont Allen|http://www.ece.uiuc.edu/faculty/profile.asp?jontalle]]
[[Michael Gorga|http://www.boystownhospital.org/Research/areas/ClinicalBehavioral/clinical_sensory.asp]]
[[Stephen Neely|http://www.boystownhospital.org/Research/areas/Neurobiological/comm_engineering.asp]]
%/
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>[<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space10x11.gif]]I listened, and with each listen the game grew clearer.
[<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space20x11.gif]][<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]] -- Rudyard Kipling, "My Own True Ghost Story"
|bgcolor(#eee):By email|<<email shera at mit dot edu "?subject=Earwicki referral">> |
|bgcolor(#eee):By phone|617-573-4235 (voice)<br/>617-720-4408 (fax) |
|bgcolor(#eee):By mail|~Eaton-Peabody Laboratory<br/>Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary<br/>243 Charles Street<br/>Boston, MA 02114 |
/%|''Contact information''|c%/
/% [<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space20x11.gif]][<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space20x11.gif]]A man hears what he wants to hear and disregards the rest.
[<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]][<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]] -- Paul Simon, "The Boxer" %/
@@margin-left:.5em;<<slider chkContents SideBarTabs "contents »" "Show list of Earwicki's tiddlers">>@@
All courses taught by members of the [[Auditory Physics Group|Here Comes Everybody]] are available through [[MIT OpenCourseWare|http://ocw.mit.edu]] (see course-specific links in the tabs below). Courses are taught under the auspices of the Harvard–MIT Speech & Hearing Biosciences and Technology Program ([[SHBT|http://web.mit.edu/shbt]]).
<<tabs txtFavourite
"Modeling" "Modeling Issues in Speech and Hearing" "Modeling Course"
"Acoustics" "Acoustics of Speech and Hearing" "Acoustics Course"
"Physiology" "Physiology of the Ear" "Physiology Course"
>>
<<tabs txtFavourite
"Graduate students" "Graduate students" GraduateStudents
"Postdoctoral fellows" "Postdocs" Postdocs
"HCE" "Head Chief Earwigger" "Head Chief Earwigger"
>>
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[[Auditory Physics Group]]
[img[Charles Meryon, Le Stryge, 1853|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/MeryonLeStryge1.jpg]]
[img[Cochlea|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/cochlea.jpg]]
#{{imgfloatright{[img[Poles of the BM admittance|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/Ybm-poles.jpg][http://web.mit.edu/apg/downloads/pole-movies.zip]]}}}''[[Animations|http://web.mit.edu/apg/downloads/pole-movies.zip]]'' showing model basilar-membrane admittance pole trajectories in the complex plane. The poles generally move away from the real axis as the stimulus intensity is increased. For details, see //J. Acoust. Soc. Am.// 2001; 110:332–348. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-intensity-JASA01.pdf.gz]]
#''[[Movies|http://web.mit.edu/apg/downloads/soae-movie.zip]]'' showing the time evolution of the probability distribution of a human spontaneous otoacoustic emission compared to that of a Gaussian noise signal with the same power spectrum. For details, see //J. Acoust. Soc. Am.// 2003; 114:244–262. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-soaes-JASA03.pdf.gz]] [img[SOAE molerun|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/soae-moleruns.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/downloads/soae-movie.zip]]
#Bat [[skeleton|Eternally Frozen]]
#Bedolina [[petroglyph|Bedolina Petroglyph]]
#Brodel's [[ear|Auditory Physics Group]]
#Chauvet [[lions|Chauvet Lions]]
#Chopin's [[Sonata for cello|Chopin Cello Sonata]]
#Escher's [[Hell|Inexplicably Linked]] (after Bosch)
#Feynman's [[electron scattering diagram|Feynman's Diagram]]
#Galileo's [[phases of the Moon|Galileo's Moons]]
#Gulliver's [[Lilliputian ear|Lilliputian Ear]]
#Haeckel's [[embryos|Haeckel's Embryos]]
#Haeckel's [[tree of life|Arbol]]
#Hubble's [[NGC 5866]]
#Kircher's [[hearing aids|Kircher's Hearing Aids]]
#Kirk's [[Cochlea]]
#Mandelbrot's [[set|Mandelbrot Set]]
#Meryon's [[Le Stryge|Demon Emitter]]
#Mivart's [[fibres of Corti|Fibres of Corti]]
#Ramanujan's [[series|Ramanujan's Series for Pi]] for π
#Snow's [[cholera map|Snow's Cholera Map]]
#Van Gogh's [[Starry Night]]
#da Vinci's [[study of eye and brain|Eye and Brain]]
#Young's [[wave interference diagram|Wave Interference]]
#Excerpt from [[The Bear|Taintless and Incorruptible]] -- William Faulkner
#Excerpt from [[Childe Harold|To Mingle with the Universe]] -- Lord Byron
#Excerpt from [[The Dead|Falling Faintly Through the Universe]] -- James Joyce
#[[For the Anniversary of My Death]] -- W. S. Merwin
#[[The Hidden Structure]]-- HCE
#[[The Jumblies]]-- Edward Lear
#Excerpt from [[Little Gidding]] -- T. S. Eliot
#[[Long-Legged Fly]] -- William Butler Yeats
#[[Love the Wild Swan]] -- Robinson Jeffers
#Excerpt from [[Molly Bloom's soliloquy|The One True Thing He Said]] -- James Joyce
#[[Not Waving But Drowning]] -- Stevie Smith
#Excerpt from [[The Orchard Keeper|Softly, Faintly Sounding]] -- Cormac ~McCarthy
#Excerpt from [[The Origin of Species|Endless Forms Most Beautiful]] -- Charles Darwin
#[[Paradoxes and Oxymorons]] -- John Ashbery
#[[pity this busy monster, manunkind|pity this busy monster, manunkind]] -- e.e. cummings
#[[The Search for Sound Free from Motion]] -- Wallace Stevens
#[[The Secret Sits]] -- Robert Frost
#[[Shoveling Snow with Buddha]] -- Billy Collins
#[[Silence]] -- Billy Collins
#[[The Snow Man]] -- Wallace Stevens
#[[Some Trees]] -- John Ashbery
#[[somewhere i have never traveled|somewhere i have never traveled]]''…'' -- e.e. cummings
#[[The Starry Night]] -- Anne Sexton
#[[Tea at the Palaz of Hoon]] -- Wallace Stevens
#[[Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird]] -- Wallace Stevens
#Excerpt from [[Tintern Abbey]] -- William Wordsworth
#[[Vulture]] -- Robinson Jeffers
#[[The Well Dressed Man with a Beard]] -- Wallace Stevens
#[[You Begin]] -- Margaret Atwood
#Carroll [[on getting somewhere|Getting Somewhere]]
#Darwin [[on evolution|Endless Forms Most Beautiful]]
#Darwin [[on the soul of observation|On Observation]]
#Eliot [[on the other side of silence|The Roar]]
#Faulkner [[on time and history|In a Different Tone]]
#Fourier [[on dimensional analysis|On Dimensional Analysis]]
#Hofmann [[on simplification|On Simplification]]
#Lakatos [[on falsification|On Falsification]]
#Marx [[on the criticism of religion|That Vale of Tears]]
#Mill [[on reification|Something Particularly Abstruse]]
#O'Keefe [[on realism|On Realism]]
#Perrin [[on seeing the stars|A Feeble Light]]
#Shawn [[on the fetishism of commodities|The Fetishism of Commodities]]
#Weinberg [[on the equations we play with at our desks|Our Mistake]]
#Wittgenstein [[on conceptual confusion|A Picture Held Us Captive]]
#Zweig's [[parable of the aces|And Why Does it Sing?]]
/%#Feynman [[on electron scattering|On Feynman's Diagram]]
#Mivart [[on the fibres of Corti|On the Fibres of Corti]]
#Young [[on wave interference|On Wave Interference]]%/
#''[[Earwicki HCE|http://web.mit.edu/apg/downloads/EarwickiHCE.html]]'': Earwicki's HTML Code Entire.
#''[[dePlot|http://web.mit.edu/apg/downloads/deplot.zip]]'': Matlab programs and GUI for digitizing data from scanned 2D plots.
#''[[explode|http://web.mit.edu/apg/downloads/explode.m]]'': Matlab function for assigning matrix columns to variables.
#''[[loess|http://web.mit.edu/apg/downloads/loess.zip]]'': Matlab functions for linear and loess fitting (see WS Cleveland, //Visualizing Data,// AT&T 1993).
#''[[plawscale|http://web.mit.edu/apg/downloads/plawscale.zip]]'': Matlab functions for creating linearly, logarithmically, and power-law spaced vectors.
#''[[recexp|http://web.mit.edu/apg/downloads/recexp.m]]'': Matlab function for generating recursive-exponential filters (see CA Shera & G Zweig, //J. Acoust. Soc. Am.// 1993; 93:3333–3352). The recexp filters are entire functions, with no poles or other analytic unpleasantness to contribute excessive ringing to the impulse response.
>These are the days of miracle and wonder
>And don't cry baby, don't cry.
>Don't cry.
[<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space20x11.gif]][<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]] -- Paul Simon, "The Boy in the Bubble"
<<tabs txtFavourite
"Data" "Data" DownloadData
"Demos" "Demos" DownloadDemos
"Images" "Images" DownloadImages
"Software" "Software" DownloadSoftware
"Poetry" "Poetry" DownloadPoetry
"Quotations" "Quotations" DownloadQuotations
>>
#Miscellaneous [[errata and other commentary|http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/earrata.pdf.gz]].
#[[Erratum|http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/oxenham-shera-erratum-JARO03.pdf.gz]] for Oxenham and Shera, //J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol.// 2003; 4:541–554. //JARO// garbled Table I in the final stages of production.
#[[Published version|http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-tubis-talmadge-JARO04-BAD.pdf.gz]] of //J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol.// 2004; 5:349–359 and its incomplete [[erratum|http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-tubis-talmadge-JARO04-erratum.pdf.gz]]. Once again, //JARO// messed up the corrected proofs during final production. The errors they somehow introduced are so egregious that we recommend the [[ manuscript|http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-tubis-talmadge-waves-JARO04.pdf.gz]] we typeset ourselves using [[LaTeX|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaTeX]].
#[[The Art of the Fugue: A Sirensong in Ulysses|http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-artofthefugue83.pdf.gz]]. Rejected by the [[James Joyce Quarterly|http://www.utulsa.edu/jjq]], whose editors claimed not to understand the notation.
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>It is interesting to contemplate an entangled bank, clothed with many plants of many kinds, with birds singing on the bushes, with various insects flitting about, and with worms crawling through the damp earth, and to reflect that these elaborately constructed forms, so different from each other, and dependent on each other in so complex a manner, have all been produced by laws acting around us…. /% These laws, taken in the largest sense, being Growth with Reproduction; inheritance which is almost implied by reproduction; Variability from the indirect and direct action of the external conditions of life, and from use and disuse; a Ratio of Increase so high as to lead to a Struggle for Life, and as a consequence to Natural Selection, entailing Divergence of Character and the Extinction of less-improved forms. %/ Thus, from the war of nature, from famine and death, the most exalted object which we are capable of conceiving, namely, the production of the higher animals, directly follows. There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved.
[<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]][<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]] -- Charles Darwin, from //The Origin of Species//
[img[Bat skeleton|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/batskeleton.jpg]]
[img[Leonardo da Vinci c. 1492|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/davinci-eye.gif]]
A few light taps upon the pane made him turn to the window. It had begun to snow again. He watched sleepily the flakes, silver and dark, falling obliquely against the lamplight. The time had come for him to set out on his journey westward. Yes, the newspapers were right: snow was general all over Ireland. It was falling on every part of the dark central plain, on the treeless hills, falling softly upon the Bog of Allen and, farther westward, softly falling into the dark mutinous Shannon waves. It was falling, too, upon every part of the lonely churchyard on the hill where Michael Furey lay buried. It lay thickly drifted on the crooked crosses and headstones, on the spears of the little gate, on the barren thorns. His soul swooned slowly as he heard the snow falling faintly through the universe and faintly falling, like the descent of their last end, upon all the living and the dead.
[<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]] -- James Joyce, from "The Dead" in //Dubliners//
[img[RP Feynman, Space-time approach to quantum electrodynamics, Phys. Rev. 1949; 76:769–789|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/FeynmanDiagram.jpg][On Feynman's Diagram]]
[img[Mivart, from On the Genesis of Species, 1871|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/MivartFibresofCorti.png][On the Fibres of Corti]]
Every year without knowing it I have passed the day
When the last fires will wave to me
And the silence will set out
Tireless traveller
Like the beam of a lightless star
Then I will no longer
Find myself in life as in a strange garment
Surprised at the earth
And the love of one woman
And the shamelessness of men
As today writing after three days of rain
Hearing the wren sing and the falling cease
And bowing not knowing to what
[<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]] -- W. S. Merwin
[img[Galileo, 1610|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/GalileoMoons.jpg]]
"Would you tell me, please, which way I ought to go from here?"
"That depends a good deal on where you want to get to," said the Cat.
"I don't much care where-- ' said Alice.
"Then it doesn't matter which way you go," said the Cat.
"-- so long as I get //somewhere//,' Alice added as an explanation.
"Oh, you're sure to do that," said the Cat, "if only you walk long enough."
[<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]][<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]]-- Lewis Carroll, //Alice's Adventures in Wonderland//
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You'll also need to enter your username for signing your edits: <<option txtUserName>>
''complect'' //tr. v.// To join by weaving or twining together; interweave. See [[About|The Auditory Physics Group]].
''Earwicker'' //n.// The surname of Humphrey Chimpden Earwicker, a character in James Joyce's //[[Finnegans Wake|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnegans_Wake]]//. Earwicker's initials (HCE) appear frequently in phrases throughout the book.
''Earwicki'' //n.// The website defining this word. [//Etym.// A portmanteau word formed by complecting //earwig//, //Earwicker//, and //[[Wiki|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki]]//.]
''earwig'' //n.// Any of various elongate insects of the order [[Dermaptera|http://www.tolweb.org/Dermaptera]], having pincerlike appendages protruding from the rear of the abdomen. Named for the now discredited notion that [[the creature|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earwig]] penetrates the brain by tunneling in through the ear. —//tr. v.// To attempt to influence by insinuation or subterfuge. —//intr. v.// To study sensory perception (esp. the auditory system) by following the information as it flows from bottom up and outside in, recirculating along the riverrun while whirling round the [[Homuncular Conciousness of Everything|The Secret Sits]].
[img[Leah Acker|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/Leah.jpg]]
''Leah Acker''
An MIT graduate student, Leah is studying otoacoustic correlates of tinnitus in collaboration with the EPL Tinnitus group led by [[Jennifer Melcher|http://hst.mit.edu/biosketch/Melcher.html]].
[img[Annalis Pawlosky|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/Annalisa.jpg]]
''Annalisa Pawlosky''
An MIT graduate student, Annalisa is studying wave propagation, amplification, and reflection in non-classical models of the cochlea.
B.A. in Physics, //summa cum laude,// Haverford College
Ph.D. in Physics (minor in Neurobiology), California Institute of Technology
Irving M. London Teaching Award, ~Harvard-MIT, 2007
Fellow, Acoustical Society of America, 2001
ARO 25th-Anniversary Design Contest Winner, 1998
National Insitutes of Health Individual NRSA Postdoctoral Fellow, 1994–1997
National Science Foundation Graduate Fellow, 1984–1987
Phi Beta Kappa, 1982
U.S. Presidential Scholar, 1979
Acoustical Society of America
American Association for the Advancement of Science
American Auditory Society
American Physical Society
Association for Research in Otolaryngology
History of Science Society
Associate Professor of Otology & Laryngology and Health Sciences & Technology
Harvard Medical School
[img[Ernst Haeckel, 1874|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/HaeckelEmbryos.jpg]]
[img[Christopher Shera|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/Christopher_Shera.jpg]]
As Head Chief Earwigger, Christopher Shera maintains this website when distracted from the study of hair-cell epithelia, human cochlear echoes, and other hellegantly conspiralling earnigmas.
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"Education" "Education" HCEEducation
"Honors" "Honors" HCEHonors
"Memberships" "Memberships" HCEMemberships
"Pentateuch" "Pentateuch" "Pentateuch"
>>
The tabs below show current and former group members. Colleagues with past or ongoing published collaborations are also listed.
<<tabs txtFavourite
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"Alumni" "Alumni/ae" Alumni
"Collaborators" "Collaborators" Collaborators
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Maybe nothing ever happens once and is finished. Maybe happen is never once but like ripples maybe on water after the pebble sinks, the ripples moving on, spreading, the pool attached by a narrow umbilical water-cord to the next pool which the first pool feeds, has fed, did feed, let this second pool contain a different temperature of water, a different molecularity of having seen, felt, remembered, reflect in a different tone the infinite unchanging sky, it doesn’t matter: that pebble's watery echo whose fall it did not even see moves across its surface too at the original ripple-space, to the old ineradicable rhythm.
[<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]] -- William Faulkner, //Absalom, Absalom!//
[img[M.C. Escher, 1935 (Hell, after Heironymus Bosch, The Garden of Earthly Delights, c. 1504)|images/escher-bosch.jpg]]
[[Sadism]] and [[farce|Farce]] are always [[inexplicably linked|Inexplicably Linked]].
[<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]]-- Alexander Theroux, //Master Snickup's Cloak//
[img[Athanasius Kircher, Phonurgia nova, 1673|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/kircher-tubus-cochleatus.png]]
[img[Athanasius Kircher, Phonurgia nova, 1673|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/kircher-acoustic.png]]
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[img[Lemuel Gulliver, c1726|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/gulliver-lilliputian.png][On the Lilliputian Ear]]
We shall not cease from exploration
And the end of all our exploring
Will be to arrive where we started
And know the place for the first time.
Through the unknown, remembered gate
When the last of earth left to discover
Is that which was the beginning;
At the source of the longest river
The voice of the hidden waterfall
And the children in the apple-tree
Not known, because not looked for
But heard, half heard, in the stillness
Between the two waves of the sea.
Quick now, here, now, always--
A condition of complete simplicity
(Costing not less than everything)
And all shall be well and
All manner of things shall be well
When the tongues of flame are in-folded
Into the crowned knot of fire
And the fire and the rose are one.
[<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]] -- T. S. Eliot, from "Little Gidding", //Four Quartets//
That civilization may not sink,
Its great battle lost,
Quiet the dog, tether the pony
To a distant post;
Our master Caesar is in the tent
Where the maps are spread,
His eyes fixed upon nothing,
A hand upon his head.
Like a long-legged fly upon the stream
His mind moves upon silence.
That the topless towers be burnt
And men recall that face,
Move most gently if move you must
In this lonely place.
She thinks, part woman, three parts a child,
That nobody looks; her feet
Practice a tinker shuffle
Picked up on a street.
Like a long-legged fly upon the stream
Her mind moves upon silence.
That girls at puberty may find
The first Adam in their thought,
Shut the door of the Pope's chapel,
Keep those children out.
There on that scaffolding reclines
Michael Angelo.
With no more sound than the mice make
His hand moves to and fro.
Like a long-legged fly upon the stream
His mind moves upon silence.
[<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]] -- William Butler Yeats
"I hate my verses, every line, every word.
Oh pale and brittle pencils ever to try
One grass-blade's curve, or the throat of one bird
That clings to twig, ruffled against white sky.
Oh cracked and twilight mirrors ever to catch
One color, one glinting
Hash, of the splendor of things.
Unlucky hunter, Oh bullets of wax,
The lion beauty, the wild-swan wings, the storm of the wings."
-- This wild swan of a world is no hunter's game.
Better bullets than yours would miss the white breast
Better mirrors than yours would crack in the flame.
Does it matter whether you hate your … self?
At least Love your eyes that can see, your mind that can
Hear the music, the thunder of the wings. Love the wild swan.
[<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]] -- Robinson Jeffers
[[About|The Auditory Physics Group]]
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[[People|Here Comes Everybody]]
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[[About this site|About This Site]]
[img[Cat|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/leftcat.jpg][Auditory Physics Group]]
[img[Mandelbrot set image by Paul Bourke|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/mandelbrotset.gif]]
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{{imgfloatright{[img[Galileo|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/galileos.jpg]]}}}''Modeling Issues in Speech and Hearing'' ([[HST750|http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Health-Sciences-and-Technology/HST-750Spring-2006/CourseHome/index.htm]])
>This is often the way it is .... Our mistake is not that we take our theories too seriously, but that we do not take them seriously enough.
-- Steven Weinberg
This course explores the theory and practice of scientific modeling in the context of auditory and speech biophysics. Based on seminar-style discussions of the research literature, the class draws on examples from hearing and speech, and explores general, meta-theoretical issues that transcend the particular subject matter. Examples include: What is a model? What is the process of model building? What are the different approaches to modeling? What is the relationship between theory and experiment? How are models tested? What constitutes a good model?
''Instructors:''
*Christopher Shera
*Jennifer Melcher
''Assistant Instructors Emeriti:''
*Susan Voss
*Domenica Karavitaki
*Christopher Bergevin
[img[Hubble Space Telescope, 2005|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/NGC5866.jpg][On NGC 5866]]
Nobody heard him, the dead man,
But still he lay moaning:
I was much further out than you thought
And not waving but drowning.
Poor chap, he always loved larking
And now he's dead
It must have been too cold for him his heart gave way,
They said.
Oh, no no no, it was too cold always
(Still the dead one lay moaning)
I was much too far out all my life
And not waving but drowning.
[<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]] -- Stevie Smith
>It must now be remarked that every undetermined magnitude or constant has one //dimension// proper to itself, and that the terms of one and the same equation could not be compared, if they had not the same //exponent of dimension//. We have introduced this consideration into the theory of heat, in order to make our definitions more exact, and to serve to verify the analysis; it is derived from primary notions on quantities; for which reason, in geometry and mechanics, it is the equivalent of the fundamental lemmas which the Greeks have left us without proof.
[<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]][<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]]-- Joseph Fourier, from //Théorie Analytique de la Chaleur,// 1822
>No experiment, experimental report, observation statement, or well-corroborated low-level falsifying hypothesis alone can lead to falsification. There is no falsification before the emergence of a better theory.
[<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space20x11.gif]][<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]] -- Imre Lakatos, from //Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge//, 1970
>We shall now interpret [ [[the diagram|Feynman's Diagram]] ] in a manner which will permit us to write down the higher order terms. It can be understood ... as saying that the amplitude for “//a//” to go from 1 to 3 and “//b//” to go from 2 to 4 is altered to first order because they can exchange a quantum. Thus, “//a//” can go to 5 (amplitude (//K//~~+~~(5,1)), emit a quantum (longitudinal, transverse, or scalar //γ~~aμ~~//), and then proceed to 3 ((//K//~~+~~(3,5)). Meantime “//b//” goes to 6 ((//K//~~+~~(6,2)), absorbs the quantum (//γ~~bμ~~//), and proceeds to 4 ((//K//~~+~~(4,6)). The quantum meanwhile proceeds from 5 to 6, which it does with amplitude //δ//(//s//~~56~~^^2^^). We must sum over all the possible quantum polarizations //μ// and positions and times of emission 5, and of absorption 6. Actually, if //t//~~5~~>//t//~~6~~ it would be better to say that “//a//” absorbs and “//b//” emits, but no attention need be paid to these matters, as all such alternatives are automatically contained in [the summation].
[<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]][<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]] -- Richard Feynman, Space-time approach to quantum electrodynamics, 1949
Hubble ACS image of the disk galaxy NGC 5866 tilted nearly edge-on to our line of sight. A crisp dust lane divides the galaxy into two halves. NGC 5866 lies in the Northern constellation Draco, at a distance of 44 million light-years. Its diameter is roughly 60,000 light-years, two-thirds the diameter of the Milky Way. The image highlights the galaxy's structure: a subtle, reddish bulge surrounding a bright nucleus, a blue disk of stars running parallel to the dust lane, and a transparent outer halo. Faint, wispy trails of dust can be seen meandering away from the disk of the galaxy out into the bulge and inner halo of the galaxy. The outer halo is dotted with numerous gravitationally bound clusters of nearly a million stars each, known as globular clusters. Background galaxies that are millions to billions of light-years farther away than NGC 5866 are also seen through the halo. (Adapted from HST news release ~STScI-2006-24.)
>How profoundly ignorant B. must be of the very soul of observation! About thirty years ago there was much talk that geologists ought only to observe and not theorise; and I well remember someone saying that at this rate a man might as well go into a gravel-pit and count the pebbles and describe the colours. How odd it is that anyone should not see that all observation must be for or against some view if it is to be of any service!
[<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]][<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]]-- Charles Darwin, Letter to Henry Fawcett, 18 Sept 1861
Nothing is less real than realism. Details are confusing. It is only by selection, by elimination,
by emphasis that we get at the real meaning of things.
[<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]][<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]]-- Georgia O'Keefe
>The ability to simplify means to eliminate the unnecessary so that the necessary may speak.
[<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]][<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]]-- Hans Hofmann
>Supposing the light of any given colour to consist of undulations of a given breadth, or of a given frequency, it follows that these undulations must be liable to those effects which we have already examined in the case of the waves of water and the pulses of sound. It has been shown that two equal series of waves, proceeding from centres near each other, may be seen to destroy each other's effects at certain points, and at other points to redouble them; and the beating of two sounds has been explained from a similar interference. We are now to apply the same principles to the alternate union and extinction of colours. ([[Plate XX. Fig. 267.|Wave Interference]])
> [<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space20x11.gif]]In order that the effects of two portions of light may be thus combined, it is necessary that they be derived from the same origin, and that they arrive at the same point by different paths, in directions not much deviating from each other. This deviation may be produced in one or both of the portions by diffraction, by reflection, by refraction, or by any of these effects combined; but the simplest case appears to be, when a beam of homogeneous light falls on a screen in which there are two very small holes or slits, which may be considered as centres of divergence, from whence the light is diffracted in every direction. In this case, when the two newly formed beams are received on a surface placed so as to intercept them, their light is divided by dark stripes into portions nearly equal, but becoming wider as the surface is more remote from the apertures, so as to subtend very nearly equal angles from the apertures at all distances, and wider also in the same proportion as the apertures are closer to each other. The middle of the two portions is always light, and the bright stripes on each side are at such distances, that the light coming to them from one of the apertures, must have passed through a longer space than that which comes from the other, by an interval which is equal to the breadth of one, two, three, or more of the supposed undulations, while the intervening dark spaces correspond to a difference of half a supposed undulation, of one and a half, of two and a half, or more.
[<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]][<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]]-- Thomas Young, "On the Nature of Light and Colours," from //Course of Lectures,// 1845
>As to the ear, it would take up too much space to describe its internal structure; it must suffice to say that in its interior there is an immense series of minute rod-like bodies, termed [[fibres of Corti|Fibres of Corti]], having the appearance of a key-board, and each fibre being connected with a filament of the auditory nerve, these nerves being like strings to be struck by the keys, i.e. by the fibres of Corti. Moreover, this apparatus is supposed to be a key-board in function as well as in appearance, the vibration of each one fibre giving rise, it is believed, to the sensation of one particular tone, and combinations of such vibrations producing chords. It is by the action of this complex organ then, that all the wonderful intricacy and beauty of Beethoven and Mozart come, most probably, to be perceived and appreciated.
[<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]][<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]]-- George Jackson Mivart, from //On the Genesis of Species,// 1871
{{imgfloatright{[img[Title page of the 1726 first edition and a flattering portrait of Capt. Lemuel Gulliver|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/GulliversTravels.png]]}}}A striking example of island dwarfism was reported in 1726 by surgeon and Capt. Lemuel Gulliver in his //Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World//. On the island of Lilliput northwest of Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania), Gulliver chanced upon an extant population of hominins apparently identical to 18th-century Europeans in every respect except stature: the tallest spanned a mere 6 inches head to foot. Historians today regard the //Travels'// descriptions of a technologically advanced Lilliputian civilization as exaggerated, even largely fictitious. Most suspect that Gulliver's account is more sly commentary on European society than objective anthropological treatise. The modern scholarly consensus followed hard on the 1973 discovery of Gulliver's private notebooks, notebooks whose true authorship Gulliver evidently took pains to conceal by inscribing every third page with the florid signature of an apparently apocryphal apothecary, Dr. A.B.C.J. Less, Cambridge. Tellingly, the ~Gulliver-Less notebooks reveal a Lilliputian society considerably at odds with the sunny portrait painted in the popular travelogue. Indeed, ~Gulliver-Less describes the Lilliputians not as diminutive aristocrats flourishing in an affluent island kingdom but as scrappy nocturnal creatures reduced to feeding on uncooked crickets.
{{imgfloatright{[img[The Gulliver-Less marginal diagram, c1726|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/lilliputian-circuit.png]]}}}~Gulliver-Less reports that Lilliputians successfully stalked their chirping prey even on moonless nights by tracking the crickets' mating calls. According to his double-blind (i.e., night-time) observations, peckish Lilliputians could reliably detect angular cricket movements amounting to only 1–2 degrees azimuth downwind. ~Gulliver-Less conjectured that the Lilliputians' impressive sound-localization abilities were made possible by a remarkable adaptation in the Lilliputian ear, an adaptation documented in one of the notebook's many fascinating anatomical drawings. (At one point during the island visit, Gulliver put his surgical skills to the test by meticulously dissecting a Lilliputian family.) Although Lilliputian anatomy appears conventionally hominid in most respects, the drawings reveal an [[unusual peripheral auditory system|Lilliputian Ear]]. The two membrana tympani appear nearly flush with the sides of the skull and are located at opposite ends of a narrow, air-filled internal auditory meatus that runs completely through the head. Firmly attached to each membrane is a bony columella. The two columellae are joined near the mid-line via an elastic inter-columellar joint. Adjacent the illustration of the Lilliputian ear, in a margin almost too small to contain it, appears the unlabeled drawing reproduced above. Physiological acousticians conjecture that the diagram represents an acoustico-mechanical equivalent circuit for the Lilliputian ear.
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>This is often the way it is .... Our mistake is not that we take our theories too seriously, but that we do not take them seriously enough. /%It is always hard to realize that these numbers and equations we play with at our desks have something to do with the real world.%/
[<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]][<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]]-- Steven Weinberg, //The First Three Minutes//
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#Voss SE, Horton NJ, Tabucchi THP, Folowosele FO, Shera CA. Posture-induced changes in distortion-product otoacoustic emissions and the potential for noninvasive monitoring of changes in intracranial pressure. //Neurocrit. Care// 2006; 4:251–257. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/voss-etal-NeurocritCare06.pdf.gz]]
#Shera CA. Mechanisms of mammalian otoacoustic emission and their implications for the clinical utility of ~OAEs. //Ear Hear.// 2004; 25:86–97. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-EarHear04.pdf.gz]]
#Voss SE, Rosowksi JJ, Merchant SN, Thornton AR, Shera CA, Peake WT. Middle-ear pathology can affect the ear-canal sound pressure generated by audiologic earphones. //Ear and Hear.// 2000; 21:265–274. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/voss-etal-EarHear00.pdf.gz]]
#Voss SE, Rosowski JJ, Shera CA, Peake WT. Acoustic mechanisms that determine ear-canal sound pressures generated by earphones. //J. Acoust. Soc. Am.// 2000; 107:1548–1565. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/voss-etal-earphones-JASA00.pdf.gz]]
#Shera CA, Tubis A, Talmadge CL. Testing coherent reflection in chinchilla: Auditory-nerve responses predict stimulus-frequency emissions. //J. Acoust. Soc. Am.// 2008; 124:381–395. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/~shera/www/papers/shera-tubis-talmadge-JASA08.pdf.gz]]
#Shera CA, Guinan JJ. Mechanisms of mammalian otoacoustic emission. In: Manley GA, Fay RR, Popper AN, eds. //Active Processes and Otoacoustic Emissions.// New York: Springer, 2008:305–342. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-guinan-SHAR08.pdf.gz]]
#Shera CA. Laser amplification with a twist: Traveling-wave propagation and gain functions from throughout the cochlea. //J. Acoust. Soc. Am.// 2007; 122:2738–2758. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-twist-JASA07.pdf.gz]]
#Shera CA, Tubis A, Talmadge CL, de Boer E, Fahey PF, Guinan JJ. Allen–Fahey and related experiments support the predominance of cochlear slow-wave otoacoustic emissions. //J. Acoust. Soc. Am.// 2007; 121:1564–1575. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-etal-JASA07.pdf.gz]]
#Shera CA, Guinan JJ. Cochlear traveling-wave amplification, suppression, and beamforming probed using noninvasive calibration of intracochlear distortion sources. //J. Acoust. Soc. Am.// 2007; 121:1003–1016. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-guinan-JASA07.pdf.gz]]
#de Boer E, Nuttall AL, Shera CA. Wave propagation patterns in a “classical” three-dimensional model of the cochlea. //J. Acoust. Soc. Am.// 2007; 121:352–362. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/deboer-nuttall-shera-JASA07.pdf.gz]]
#Shera CA, Tubis A, Talmadge CL. Coherent reflection in a two-dimensional cochlea: Short-wave versus long-wave scattering in the generation of reflection-source otoacoustic emissions. //J. Acoust. Soc. Am.// 2005; 118:287–313 [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-tubis-talmadge-JASA05.pdf.gz]]
#Shera CA, Tubis A, Talmadge CL. Do forward and backward-traveling waves occur within the cochlea? Countering the critique of Nobili et al. //J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol.// 2004; 5:349–359. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-tubis-talmadge-waves-JARO04.pdf.gz]]
#Shera CA. Mammalian spontaneous otoacoustic emissions are amplitude-stabilized cochlear standing waves. //J. Acoust. Soc. Am.// 2003; 114:244–262. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-soaes-JASA03.pdf.gz]] [[SOAE movies|Downloads]]
#Shera CA, Guinan JJ. Stimulus-frequency-emission group delay: A test of coherent reflection filtering and a window on cochlear tuning. //J. Acoust. Soc. Am.// 2003; 113:2762–2772. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-guinan-sfedelay-JASA03.pdf.gz]]
#Shera CA, Guinan JJ, Oxenham AJ. Revised estimates of human cochlear tuning from otoacoustic and behavioral measurements. //Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA)// 2002; 99: 3318–3323. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-guinan-oxenham-tuning-PNAS02.pdf.gz]]
#Shera CA. Intensity-invariance of fine time structure in basilar-membrane click responses: Implications for cochlear mechanics. //J. Acoust. Soc. Am.// 2001; 110:332–348. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-intensity-JASA01.pdf.gz]] [[Admittance pole animations|Downloads]]
#Shera CA. Frequency glides in click responses of the basilar membrane and auditory nerve: Their scaling behavior and origin in traveling-wave dispersion. //J. Acoust. Soc. Am.// 2001; 109: 2023–2034. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-glides-JASA01.pdf.gz]]
#Shera CA, Guinan JJ. Frequency dependence of stimulus-frequency-emission phase: Implications for cochlear mechanics. In: Wada H, Takasaka T, Ikeda K, Ohyama K, eds. //Recent Developments in Auditory Mechanics// Singapore: World Scientific Press, 2000:381–387. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-guinan-sendai00.pdf.gz]]
#Shera CA, Zweig G. An empirical bound on the compressibility of the cochlea. //J. Acoust. Soc. Am.// 1992; 92:1382–1388. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-zweig-compressibility-JASA92.pdf.gz]]
#Shera CA, Zweig G. Reflection of retrograde waves within the cochlea and at the stapes. //J. Acoust. Soc. Am.// 1991; 89:1290–1305. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-zweig-retrograde-JASA91.pdf.gz]]
#Shera CA, Zweig G. A symmetry suppresses the cochlear catastrophe. //J. Acoust. Soc. Am.// 1991; 89:1276–1289. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-zweig-symmetry-JASA91.pdf.gz]]
#Shera KA, Shera CA, ~McDougall JK. Small tumor virus genomes are integrated near nuclear matrix attachment regions in transformed cells. //J. Virol.// 2001; 75:12339–12346. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-shera-mcdougall-JVirol01.pdf.gz]]
#Voss SE, Shera CA. Simultaneous measurement of middle-ear input impedance and forward/reverse transmission in cat. //J. Acoust. Soc. Am.// 2004; 116:2187–2198. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/voss-shera-catme-JASA04.pdf.gz]]
#Voss SE, Rosowski JJ, Shera CA, Peake WT. Acoustic mechanisms that determine ear-canal sound pressures generated by earphones. //J. Acoust. Soc. Am.// 2000; 107:1548–1565. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/voss-etal-earphones-JASA00.pdf.gz]]
#Shera CA, Zweig G. Analyzing reverse middle-ear transmission: Noninvasive Gedankenexperiments. //J. Acoust. Soc. Am.// 1992; 92:1371–1381. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-zweig-gedanken-JASA92.pdf.gz]]
#Shera CA, Zweig G. Middle-ear phenomenology: The view from the three windows. //J. Acoust. Soc. Am.// 1992; 92:1356–1370. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-zweig-threewindows-JASA92.pdf.gz]]
#Shera CA, Zweig G. Phenomenological characterization of eardrum transduction. //J. Acoust. Soc. Am.// 1991; 90:253–262. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-zweig-eardrum-JASA91.pdf.gz]]
#O'Gorman DE, White JA, Shera CA. Dynamical instability determines the effect of ongoing noise on neural firing. Submitted to //J. Assoc. Res Otolaryngol.//
#Bergevin C, Shera CA. Modeling stimulus-frequency otoacoustic emissions in the gecko. In: Cooper NP, Kemp DT, eds. //Proceedings of the Mechanics of Hearing Workshop 2008.// Singapore: World Scientific, in press.
#Shera CA, Tubis A, Talmadge CL. Testing coherent reflection in chinchilla: Auditory-nerve responses predict stimulus-frequency emissions. //J. Acoust. Soc. Am.// 2008; 124:381–395. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/~shera/www/papers/shera-tubis-talmadge-JASA08.pdf.gz]]
#Bergevin C, Freeman DM, Saunders JC, Shera CA. Otoacoustic emissions in humans, birds, lizards, and frogs: Evidence for multiple generation mechanisms. //J. Comp. Physiol. A// 2008; 194:665–683. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/~shera/www/papers/bergevin-etal-JCompPhysiolA08.pdf.gz]]
#Shera CA, Guinan JJ. Mechanisms of mammalian otoacoustic emission. In: Manley GA, Fay RR, Popper AN, eds. //Active Processes and Otoacoustic Emissions.// New York: Springer, 2008:305–342. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-guinan-SHAR08.pdf.gz]]
#Johnson TA, Gorga MP, Neely ST, Oxenham AJ, Shera CA. Relations between otoacoustic and psychophysical measures of cochlear function. In: Manley GA, Fay RR, Popper AN, eds. //Active Processes and Otoacoustic Emissions.// New York: Springer, 2008:395–420.
#Kalluri R, Shera CA. Comparing stimulus-frequency otoacoustic emissions measured by compression, suppression, and spectral smoothing. //J. Acoust. Soc. Am.// 2007; 122:3562–3575. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/kalluri-shera-SFOAEs-JASA07.pdf.gz]]
#Sisto R, Moleti A, Shera CA. Cochlear reflectivity in transmission-line models and otoacoustic emission characteristic time delays. //J. Acoust. Soc. Am.// 2007; 122:3554–3561. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/sisto-moleti-shera-JASA07.pdf.gz]]
#Kalluri R, Shera CA. Near equivalence of human click-evoked and stimulus-frequency otoacoustic emissions. //J. Acoust. Soc. Am.// 2007; 121:2097–2110. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/kalluri-shera-JASA07.pdf.gz]]
#Shera CA, Tubis A, Talmadge CL, de Boer E, Fahey PF, Guinan JJ. Allen–Fahey and related experiments support the predominance of cochlear slow-wave otoacoustic emissions. //J. Acoust. Soc. Am.// 2007; 121:1564–1575. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-etal-JASA07.pdf.gz]]
#Shera CA, Guinan JJ. Cochlear traveling-wave amplification, suppression, and beamforming probed using noninvasive calibration of intracochlear distortion sources. //J. Acoust. Soc. Am.// 2007; 121:1003–1016. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-guinan-JASA07.pdf.gz]]
#de Boer E, Nuttall AL, Shera CA. Wave propagation patterns in a “classical” three-dimensional model of the cochlea. //J. Acoust. Soc. Am.// 2007; 121:352–362. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/deboer-nuttall-shera-JASA07.pdf.gz]]
#Shera CA, Tubis A, Talmadge CL. Four counter-arguments for slow-wave ~OAEs. In: Nuttall AL, Ren T, Gillespie P, Grosh K, de Boer E, eds. //Auditory Mechanisms: Processes and Models// Singapore: World Scientific Press, 2006:449–457. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-tubis-talmadge-counterarguments-portland06.pdf.gz]]
#Voss SE, Horton NJ, Tabucchi THP, Folowosele FO, Shera CA. Posture-induced changes in distortion-product otoacoustic emissions and the potential for noninvasive monitoring of changes in intracranial pressure. //Neurocrit. Care// 2006; 4:251–257. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/voss-etal-NeurocritCare06.pdf.gz]]
#Shera CA, Tubis A, Talmadge CL. Coherent reflection in a two-dimensional cochlea: Short-wave versus long-wave scattering in the generation of reflection-source otoacoustic emissions. //J. Acoust. Soc. Am.// 2005; 118:287–313 [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-tubis-talmadge-JASA05.pdf.gz]]
#Shera CA. Mechanisms of mammalian otoacoustic emission and their implications for the clinical utility of ~OAEs. //Ear Hear.// 2004; 25:86–97. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-EarHear04.pdf.gz]]
#Goodman SS, Withnell RH, Shera CA. The origin of SFOAE microstructure in the guinea pig. //Hear. Res.// 2003; 183:1–17. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/goodman-withnell-shera-HR03.pdf.gz]]
#Shera CA. Mammalian spontaneous otoacoustic emissions are amplitude-stabilized cochlear standing waves. //J. Acoust. Soc. Am.// 2003; 114:244–262. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-soaes-JASA03.pdf.gz]] [[SOAE movie|Downloads]]
#Shera CA. Wave interference in the generation of reflection- and distortion-source emissions. In: Gummer AW, ed. //Biophysics of the Cochlea: Molecules to Models.// Singapore: World Scientific Press, 2003:439–453. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-interference-titisee03.pdf.gz]]
#Shera CA, Guinan JJ. Stimulus-frequency-emission group delay: A test of coherent reflection filtering and a window on cochlear tuning. //J. Acoust. Soc. Am.// 2003; 113:2762–2772. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-guinan-sfedelay-JASA03.pdf.gz]]
#Shera CA, Guinan JJ, Oxenham AJ. Revised estimates of human cochlear tuning from otoacoustic and behavioral measurements. //Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA)// 2002; 99: 3318–3323.
#Kalluri R, Shera CA. Distortion-product source unmixing: A test of the two-mechanism model for DPOAE generation. //J. Acoust. Soc. Am.// 2001; 109:622–637. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/kalluri-shera-unmixing-JASA01.pdf.gz]]
#Shera CA, Talmadge CL, Tubis A. Interrelations among distortion-product phase-gradient delays: Their connection to scaling symmetry and its breaking. //J. Acoust. Soc. Am.// 2000; 108:2933–2948. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-talmadge-tubis-interrelations-JASA00.pdf.gz]]
#Shera CA, Guinan JJ. Frequency dependence of stimulus-frequency-emission phase: Implications for cochlear mechanics. In: Wada H, Takasaka T, Ikeda K, Ohyama K, eds. //Recent Developments in Auditory Mechanics// Singapore: World Scientific Press, 2000:381–387. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-guinan-sendai00.pdf.gz]]
#Shera CA, Guinan JJ. Evoked otoacoustic emissions arise by two fundamentally different mechanisms: A taxonomy for mammalian otoacoustic emissions. //J. Acoust. Soc. Am.// 1999; 105:782–798. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-guinan-taxonomy-JASA99.pdf.gz]]
#Zweig G, Shera CA. The origin of periodicity in the spectrum of evoked otoacoustic emissions. //J. Acoust. Soc. Am.// 1995; 98:2018–2047. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-zweig-origin-JASA95.pdf.gz]]
#Shera CA, Zweig G. Order from chaos: Resolving the paradox of periodicity in evoked otoacoustic emission. In: Duifhuis H, Horst JW, van Dijk P, van Netten SM, eds. //Biophysics of Hair Cell Sensory Systems.// Singapore: World Scientific Press, 1993:54–63.
#Shera CA, Zweig G. Noninvasive measurement of the cochlear traveling-wave ratio. //J. Acoust. Soc. Am.// 1993; 93:3333–3352. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-zweig-twr-JASA93.pdf.gz]]
#Johnson TA, Gorga MP, Neely ST, Oxenham AJ, Shera CA. Relations between otoacoustic and psychophysical measures of cochlear function. In: Manley GA, Fay RR, Popper AN, eds. //Active Processes and Otoacoustic Emissions.// New York: Springer, 2008:395–420.
#Oxenham AJ, Shera CA. Estimates of human cochlear tuning at low levels using forward and simultaneous masking. //J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol.// 2003; 4:541–554. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/oxenham-shera-tuning-JARO03.pdf.gz]], [[erratum|http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/oxenham-shera-erratum-JARO03.pdf.gz]]
#Shera CA, Guinan JJ, Oxenham AJ. Revised estimates of human cochlear tuning from otoacoustic and behavioral measurements. //Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA)// 2002; 99: 3318–3323. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-guinan-oxenham-tuning-PNAS02.pdf.gz]]
#Shera CA, Guinan JJ. Mechanisms of mammalian otoacoustic emission. In: Manley GA, Fay RR, Popper AN, eds. //Active Processes and Otoacoustic Emissions.// New York: Springer, 2008:305–342. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-guinan-SHAR08.pdf.gz]]
#Johnson TA, Gorga MP, Neely ST, Oxenham AJ, Shera CA. Relations between otoacoustic and psychophysical measures of cochlear function. In: Manley GA, Fay RR, Popper AN, eds. //Active Processes and Otoacoustic Emissions.// New York: Springer, 2008:395–420.
#Shera CA. Mechanisms of mammalian otoacoustic emission and their implications for the clinical utility of ~OAEs. //Ear Hear.// 2004; 25:86–97. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-EarHear04.pdf.gz]]
#Shera CA. Wave interference in the generation of reflection- and distortion-source emissions. In: Gummer AW, ed. //Biophysics of the Cochlea: Molecules to Models.// Singapore: World Scientific Press, 2003:439–453. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-interference-titisee03.pdf.gz]]
This poem is concerned with language on a very plain level.
Look at it talking to you. You look out the window.
Or pretend to fidget. You have it but you don't have it.
You miss it, it misses you. You miss each other.
This poem is sad because it wants to be yours, and cannot be.
What's a plain level? It is that and other things,
Bringing a system of them into play. Play?
Well, actually, yes, but I consider play to be
A deeper outside thing, a dreamed role-pattern,
As in the division of grace these long August days
Without proof. Open-ended. And before you know it
It gets lost in the steam and chatter of typewriters.
It has been played once more. I think you exist only
To tease me into doing it, on your level, and then you aren't there
Or have adopted a different attitude. And the poem
Has set me softly down beside you. The poem is you.
[<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]] -- John Ashbery
Historical Collaboration path from Erdös (see [[5|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdos_number]])
#Erdös P, Kleitman DJ. On coloring graphs to maximize the proportion of multicolored //k//-edges. //J. Combin. Theory// 1968; 5:164–169.
#Glashow SL, Kleitman DJ. Baryon resonances in //W//~~3~~ symmetry. //Phys. Lett.// 1964 11:84–86.
#Glashow SL, ~Gell-Mann M. Gauge theories of vector particles. //Ann. Phys.// 1961; 15:437–460. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/glashow-gellmann-AnnPhys61.pdf.gz]]
#Feynman RP, ~Gell-Mann M, Zweig G. Group //U//(6)×//U//(6) generated by current components. //Phys. Rev. Lett.// 1964; 13:678–680. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/feynman-gellmann-zweig-PRL64.pdf.gz]]
#Shera CA, Zweig G. A symmetry suppresses the cochlear catastrophe. //J. Acoust. Soc. Am.// 1991; 89:1276–1289. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/papers/shera-zweig-symmetry-JASA91.pdf.gz]]
''Physiology of the Ear'' ([[HST720|http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Health-Sciences-and-Technology/HST-720Fall-2004/CourseHome/index.htm]])
>... and the thought had clearly never even crossed his mind that one must always take great care with what one thinks one knows, because behind it one finds concealed an endless chain of unknowns, the last of which will probably prove insoluble.
-- José Saramago, from //Seeing//
{{imgfloatright{[img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/cochlea.jpg]]}}}This course emphasizes the reading and discussion of papers from the original research literature that cover the physical and physiological mechanisms of acoustic signal processing in the [[auditory periphery|On the Lilliputian Ear]]. Topics include the acoustics, mechanics, and hydrodynamics of sound transmission; the biophysical basis for cochlear amplification; the physiology of hair-cell transduction and synaptic transmission; efferent feedback control; the analysis and coding of simple and complex sounds by the inner ear; and the physiological bases for hearing disorders.
''Instructors:''
*John Guinan
*John Rosowski
*Christopher Shera
[img[Jeffery Lichtenhan|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/jlichtenhan06.jpg]]
''Jeffery Lichtenhan''
A Harvard Research Fellow, Jeff is combining otoacoustic and neurophysiological approaches to test models of emission generation and cochlear mechanics. Jeff's study involves a collaboration with [[John Guinan|https://research.meei.harvard.edu/epl/investigators.html]] at EPL.
Except perhaps for a handful of the most recent, the following posters are now superseded by other [[publications|Publications]].
#Bergevin C, Shera CA. Modeling stimulus-frequency otoacoustic emissions in the gecko. Tenth International Mechanics of Hearing Workshop, Keele, 2008. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/~shera/www/posters/bergevin-shera-MOH2008.pdf.gz]]
#Adegoke MF, Voss SE, Horton NJ, Raza Y, Shera CA. Combining levels and phases for DPOAE analysis. Annual Meeting of the American Auditory Society, Scottsdale, 2008. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/posters/adegoke-etal-AAS2008.pdf.gz]]
#Bergevin C, Kalluri R, Joris PX, ~McLaughlin M, van der Heijden M, Shera CA. SFOAE phase-gradient delays and auditory-nerve tuning in a non-human primate. //Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. Abs.// 2008;31:194. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/posters/bergevin-etal-ARO2008.pdf.gz]]
#Acker L, Shera CA, Melcher JR. DPOAE behavior and growth rate in tinnitus subjects with normal audiograms. //Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. Abs.// 2008;31:687. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/posters/acker-shera-melcher-ARO2008.pdf.gz]]
#O'Gorman DE, Shera CA, White JA, Colburn HS. Realistically irregular and sensitive neural firing without physiological noise. Conference on Implantable Auditory Prostheses (CIAP), Lake Tahoe, 2007;B34.
#Shera CA, Guinan JJ, Oxenham AJ. Otoacoustic estimates of cochlear tuning: Validation in the chinchilla. //Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. Abs.// 2007;30:519. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/posters/shera-guinan-oxenham-ARO2007.pdf.gz]]
#Bergevin C, Freeman DM, Shera CA. Otoacoustic emissions in humans, birds, lizards, and amphibians: A comparative study reveals differences in emission generation mechanisms. //Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. Abs.// 2007;30:811. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/posters/bergevin-freeman-shera-ARO2007.pdf.gz]]
#Shera CA, Tubis A, Talmadge CL. Delays of ~SFOAEs and cochlear vibrations support the theory of coherent reflection filtering. //Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. Abs.// 2006;29:52. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/posters/shera-tubis-talmadge-ARO2006.pdf.gz]]
#Kalluri R, Shera CA. Do different SFOAE measurement methods yield equivalent results? //Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. Abs.// 2006; 29:53.
#Voss SE, Horton NJ, Tabucchi THP, Folowosele FO, Shera CA. Noninvasive detection of changes in intracranial pressure using ~DPOAEs. //Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. Abs.// 2006; 29:67.
#Bergevin C, Freeman DM, Shera CA. A comparative study of evoked otoacoustic emissions in geckos and humans. //Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. Abs.// 2006; 29:70.
#O'Gorman D, Shera CA, White J. Realistically irregular and desynchronized neural firing without physiological noise. //Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. Abs.// 2006; 29:652. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/posters/ogorman-shera-white-ARO2006.pdf.gz]]
#Miller AJ, Shera CA, Voss SE. Analysis of a technique for measuring the transmission matrix of the middle ear. //Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. Abs.// 2006; 29:637.
#Shera CA, Tubis A, Talmadge CL. Coherent-reflection models of reflection-source ~OAEs with and without slow transverse retrograde waves. //Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. Abs.// 2005; 28:657. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/posters/shera-tubis-talmadge-ARO2005.pdf.gz]]
#Cooper NP, Shera CA. Backward traveling waves in the cochlea? Comparing basilar membrane vibrations and otoacoustic emissions from individual guinea-pig ears. //Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. Abs.// 2004; 27:1008. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/posters/cooper-shera-ARO2004.pdf.gz]]
#Shera CA, Tubis A, Talmadge CL, Guinan JJ. The dual effect of 'suppressor' tones on stimulus-frequency otoacoustic emissions. //Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. Abs.// 2004; 27:538. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/posters/shera-etal-ARO2004.pdf.gz]]
#Kalluri R, Shera CA. The relationship between ~TEOAEs and ~SFOAEs at low stimulus levels. //Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. Abs.// 2004; 27:537.
#Shera CA. Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions: Evidence for cellular Hopf oscillators in the organ of Corti? //Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. Abs.// 2004; 27:450. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/posters/shera-ARO2004.pdf.gz]]
#Goodman SS, Withnell RH, de Boer E, Lilly DJ, Nuttall AL, Shera CA. Group delays and production mechanisms for tone-burst evoked ~OAEs in the guinea pig. //Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. Abs.// 2003; 26:520.
#Shera CA, Miller AJ. Using ~DPOAEs to measure forward and reverse middle-ear transmission noninvasively. //Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. Abs.// 2002; 25:769. [img[pdf|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/pdf.gif][http://web.mit.edu/apg/posters/shera-miller-ARO2002.pdf.gz]]
#Voss SE, Shera CA. Simultaneous measurement of ~DPOAEs, middle-ear input impedance, and forward/reverse middle-ear transmission in cat. //Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. Abs.// 2002; 25:585.
#Oxenham AJ, Shera CA. Frequency selectivity estimated using stimulus-frequency otoacoustic emissions and psychophysical masking. //J. Acoust. Soc. Am.// 2001; 109:2408.
#Shera CA. The effect of reflection emissions on impulse responses of the basilar membrane and the auditory nerve. //Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. Abs.// 2001; 24:815.
#Shera CA. Intensity-invariance of fine-time structure in basilar-membrane impulse responses: Implications for cochlear mechanics //Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. Abs.// 2001; 24:815.
#O'Gorman D, Shera CA. Does the high-rate response of electrically stimulated neurons reflect non-classical sodium gating? //Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. Abs.// 2001; 24:911.
#Shera CA, Guinan JJ. Reflection-emission phase: A test of coherent reflection filtering and a window on cochlear tuning. //Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. Abs.// 2000; 23:545.
#Kalluri R, Shera CA. Are ~DPOAEs a mixture of emissions generated by different mechanisms? //Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. Abs.// 2000; 23:480.
#Shera CA, Zweig G. The origin of evoked otoacoustic emissions in mammals at low sound-pressure levels. //Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. Abs.// 1999; 22:211.
#Shera CA, Guinan JJ. A mechanism-based taxonomy for mammalian ~OAEs. //Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. Abs.// 1999; 22:205.
#Shera CA, Guinan JJ. Reflection emissions and distortion products arise by fundamentally different mechanisms. //Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. Abs.// 1998; 21:344.
#Shera CA, Guinan JJ. Measuring cochlear amplification and nonlinearity using distortion-product otoacoustic emissions as a calibrated intracochlear sound source. //Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. Abs.// 1997; 20:51.
#Kimberley BP, Shaw G, Shera CA, Allen JB. Cochlear acoustic reflectance and traveling wave delay. //J. Acoust. Soc. Am.// 1995; 97:3413.
#Shera CA, Zweig G. Noninvasive measurement of the cochlear traveling-wave ratio. //Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. Abs.// 1992; 15:157.
#Shera CA, Zweig G. The opposing tapers of cochlear geometry. //Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol. Abs.// 1991; 14:153.
>All lies and jests.
>Still, a man hears what he wants to hear
>And disregards the rest.
[<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space20x11.gif]][<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]] -- Paul Simon, "The Boxer"
<<tabs txtFavourite
"Posters" "Posters" Posters
"Talks" "Talks" Talks
>>
Publications are sorted by subject matter (see tabs). Some appear in more than one category.
<<tabs txtFavourite
"OAEs" "Otoacoustic emission papers" PapersOnOAEs
"Cochlea" "Cochlear mechanics papers" PapersOnCochlea
"MiddleEar" "Middle-ear papers" PapersOnMiddleEar
"Psychophysics" "Psychophysics papers" PapersOnPsychophysics
"Neuroscience" "Neuroscience papers" PapersOnNeuroscience
"Genetics" "Molecular genetics papers" PapersOnGenetics
"Clinical" "Clinical/technology papers" PapersApplied
"Reviews" "Review papers" PapersReview
"Etc" "Errata et cetera" Earrata
>>
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[img[Srinivasa Ramanujan, 1913-14|images/RamanujanPi.png]]
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In the usual iconography of the temple or the local Wok
you would never see him doing such a thing,
tossing the dry snow over a mountain
of his bare, round shoulder,
his hair tied in a knot,
a model of concentration.
Sitting is more his speed, if that is the word
for what he does, or does not do.
Even the season is wrong for him.
In all his manifestations, is it not warm or slightly humid?
Is this not implied by his serene expression,
that smile so wide it wraps itself around the waist of the universe?
But here we are, working our way down the driveway,
one shovelful at a time.
We toss the light powder into the clear air.
We feel the cold mist on our faces.
And with every heave we disappear
and become lost to each other
in these sudden clouds of our own making,
these fountain-bursts of snow.
This is so much better than a sermon in church,
I say out loud, but Buddha keeps on shoveling.
This is the true religion, the religion of snow,
and sunlight and winter geese barking in the sky,
I say, but he is too busy to hear me.
He has thrown himself into shoveling snow
as if it were the purpose of existence,
as if the sign of a perfect life were a clear driveway
you could back the car down easily
and drive off into the vanities of the world
with a broken heater fan and a song on the radio.
All morning long we work side by side,
me with my commentary
and he inside his generous pocket of silence,
until the hour is nearly noon
and the snow is piled high all around us;
then, I hear him speak.
After this, he asks,
can we go inside and play cards?
Certainly, I reply, and I will heat some milk
and bring cups of hot chocolate to the table
while you shuffle the deck.
and our boots stand dripping by the door.
Aaah, says the Buddha, lifting his eyes
and leaning for a moment on his shovel
before he drives the thin blade again
deep into the glittering white snow.
[<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]] -- Billy Collins
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Now it is time to say what you have to say.
The room is quiet.
The whirring fan has been unplugged,
and the girl who was tapping
a pencil on her desktop has been removed.
So tell us what is on your mind.
We want to hear the sound of your foliage,
the unraveling of your tool kit,
your songs of loneliness,
your songs of hurt.
The trains are motionless on the tracks,
the ships are at rest in the harbor.
The dogs are cocking their heads
and the gods are peering down from their balloons.
The town is hushed,
and everyone here has a copy.
So tell us about your parents --
your father behind the steering wheel,
your cruel mother at the sink.
Let's hear about all the clouds you saw, all the trees.
Read the poem you brought with you tonight.
The ocean has stopped sloshing around,
and even Beethoven
is sitting up in his deathbed,
his cold hearing horn inserted in one ear.
[<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]] -- Billy Collins
EPL Auditory Physics Group[img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space10x11.gif]]
--------------------------------------------
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[img[John Snow, 1854|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/SnowCholeraMap1.png]]
Some time after midnight on the twenty-first of December it began to snow. By morning in the gray spectral light of a brief and obscure winter sun the fields lay dead-white and touched with a phosphorous glow as if producing illumination of themselves, and the snow was still wisping down thickly, veiling the trees beyond the creek and the mountain itself, falling softly, and softly, faintly sounding in the immense white silence.
[<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]][<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]]-- Cormac ~McCarthy, from //The Orchard Keeper//
These are amazing: each
Joining a neighbor, as though speech
Were a still performance.
Arranging by chance
To meet as far this morning
From the world as agreeing
With it, you and I
Are suddenly what the trees try
To tell us we are:
That their merely being there
Means something; that soon
We may touch, love, explain.
And glad not to have invented
Some comeliness, we are surrounded:
A silence already filled with noises,
A canvas on which emerges
A chorus of smiles, a winter morning.
Placed in a puzzling light, and moving,
Our days put on such reticence
These accents seem their own defense.
[<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]] -- John Ashbery
>The tendency has always been strong to believe that whatever received a name must be an entity or being, having an independent existence of its own. And if no real entity answering to the name could be found, men did not for that reason suppose that none existed, but imagined that it was something particularly abstruse and mysterious.
[<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]][<img[ |http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/space88x11.gif]]-- John Stuart Mill, from //A System of Logic//, 1874
[img[http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/SoundWave.gif]]
[img[Vincent Van Gogh, 1889|http://web.mit.edu/apg/images/van-gogh-starry-night.jpg][The Starry Night]]
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